中国农史研究必须正视环境差异——对汉代关中“区田法”的再认识-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: The Research of Agricultural History in China Must Attach Importance to Environmental Differences——The Rediscovery of “Qutianfa” in Guanzhong in Han Dynasty

Author(s):: YANG Ting-shuo; Institute of Anthropology and Ethnology， Jishou University， Jishou 416000

Keywords:: the history of agriculture in China; environmental differences; Qutianfa

摘要:: “区田法”是我国农业历史上一项影响深远的耕作体制。有关“区田法”的记载可以追溯到《氾胜之书》，贾思勰则是在《氾胜之书》的基础上对“区田法”作了全面的研究，并写成了定本。至此，汉代“区田法”的相关资料均保存于《齐民要术》一书中，因而，此书成了后世研究“区田法”的关键依据。到了元代，王祯著有《农书》，对“区田法”又做了新一轮的诠释，其后相关研究均取准于王祯《农书》。进入20世纪后，我国的农史专家借助于现代的技术和理论，重新研究了“区田法”种植，并做了相应的试验。在这些研究中全面探讨了各项技术的演进，并对“区田法”种植的有效性作了全面总结。然而，农业生产对环境的依赖性很强，我国又是一个幅员辽阔的国家，中国历史上曾经广泛种植过的农作物千差万别，每一种作物对环境都有不同的要求。此前的农史研究对技术的发展、农田的扩大等问题探讨甚精，但却忽视了各地环境之间的差异性，以及这样的差异对农业生产成效的影响。本文仅以前人对“区田法”的研究为对象，力图说明开展农史研究必须重视环境的差异，而不能单凭技术的精粗、劳动力投入的多少、畜力投入的多少或收成的多寡就对某项传统农耕体制匆忙下结论。

Abstract:: “Qutianfa” is a significant farming system in the history of agriculture in China. The earliest record of Qutianfa comes from Fan Sheng Zhi Shu，on the basis of which Jiasixie made a comprehensive study and wrote the final version，which was collected in Qi Min Yao Shu. From then on，Qi Min Yao Shu was the key text for the research of such agrotechnique. In Yuan Dynasty，Wangzhen wrote Nong Shu，in which there was a new interpretation of Qutianfa. To the twentieth century，Chinese experts of agricultural history restudied this traditional agrotechnique by means of the modern technology and theory. In these researches，both the evolution of various technologies in Qutianfa，and the effectiveness of such farming system were summed up. However， agricultural production depends on the environment，and China is vast in territory，so that there is an extraordinarily complex ecosystem. Previous researches of the agricultural history in China has paid much attention on the evolution of technologies and the expansion of farmlands， but ignored the environmental differences and the influence to agricultural production. This paper focuses on the previous work of Qutianfa， tries to explain that the research of agricultural history in China must attach importance to environmental differences.