[1]张 箭 刘 佳.美洲药材作物古柯的起源、发展与美洲的古柯业[J].中国农史,2020,39(02):36-49.
ZHANG Jian LIU Jia.The Origin, Development of Coca, A Medicinal Crop of Americas and Its Line of Business in Americas[J].SAMSON,2020,39(02):36-49.
点击复制
美洲药材作物古柯的起源、发展与美洲的古柯业(
)
《中国农史》[ISSN:1000-4459/CN:32-1061/S]
- 卷:
-
39
- 期数:
-
2020年02期
- 页码:
-
36-49
- 栏目:
-
- 出版日期:
-
2020-05-05
文章信息/Info
- Title:
-
The Origin, Development of Coca, A Medicinal Crop of Americas and Its Line of Business in Americas
- 作者:
-
张 箭 刘 佳
-
（四川大学 历史文化学院，四川 成都 610065）
- Author(s):
-
ZHANG Jian LIU Jia
-
（Historical and Cultural College of Sichuan University，Chengdu 610065）
-
- 关键词:
-
美洲印第安人; 古柯; 古柯文化; 民族经济作物; 正常嗜好
- Keywords:
-
Amerindian; coca; coca culture; national cash crops; normal hobby
- 分类号:
-
S-09；K210
- 文献标志码:
-
A
- 摘要:
-
美洲独有的许多作物中，古柯是其中比较重要的一种药材作物。古柯原产于南美洲安第斯山区，印第安人已有5000多年的古柯利用史和4000多年的古柯栽培史。印第安人咀嚼古柯叶子，用以提神、解乏、抗饥、解渴、消遣、壮阳等。随后，印第安人又发明咀嚼古柯时佐以一点石灰或其他碱性物质，用以提味、使古柯叶尽量释放有效成分和增强效果。印第安人的古柯文化比较丰富。古柯是他们向神献祭的重要祭品之一，古柯叶被赋予了某种神圣性，在宗教活动中发挥着独特的作用。在前殖民时代，古柯的嚼食一般仅限于印第安人上层。从16世纪初到19世纪初，在长达三百年的殖民统治时期，西班牙当局扶持古柯种植业，古柯业成了重要的税收对象和来源。殖民者利用古柯的提神抗饥功能榨取印第安人。古柯业渐渐成了西属美洲殖民地的重要经济产业之一。古柯的嚼食和泡水喝也很快在产区印第安人中普及。19世纪初拉丁美洲各国独立后，也继续发展自己的古柯业，它成了它们的民族经济产业。其产品用于自我消费，也大量用以出口。但拉美各国一直无力制备高纯度的可卡因。它们从19世纪末起开始制取低纯度的半成品古柯膏。南美印第安土著的嚼食古柯叶和泡水喝就如同抽烟和喝茶，属于正常的合法的消遣和嗜好。
- Abstract:
-
Of the many crops unique to the Americas, Coca is one of the more important medicinal crops. Coca is native to the Andes in South America, where Indians have a history of more than 5000 years of coca use and more than 4000 years of coca cultivation.Amerindians chew coca leaf, used to refresh, relieve fatigue, anti-hunger, anti-thirst and pastime, strengthening lust and so on. Subsequently, the Indians invented coca chewing with a bit of lime or other alkaline substances to make the taste, so that the coca leaf as far as possible to release the active ingredients，and strengthening effect . The Indian coca culture is relatively rich. Coca is one of the important sacrifices they sacrifice to God, and the coca leaf is endowed with some sanctity and plays a unique role in religious activities. In the pre-colonial era, coca chewing was generally confined to the upper echelons of the Indians. From 16th to 19th century,the Spanish authorities supported coca farming, and coca production became an important tax target and source during 300 years of colonial rule. The colonists used coca’s refreshing anti-hunger function to extract the Indians. Coca production gradually became one of the important economic industries in the western American colonies. Coca chewing and soaking water also quickly spread among the common Indians in the producing areas. After the independence of the Latin American countries in the early 19th century, they also continued to develop their own coca industry, which became their national economic industry. Its products are used for self-consumption and are also heavily exported. But Latin American countries have been unable to make high-purity cocaine. They have been making low-purity semi-finished coca paste since the end of 19th century. The chewing of coca leaf and soaking water by Native American Indians is like smoking and drinking tea, which is a normal and lawful pastime and hobby.
更新日期/Last Update:
2020-05-22