国家、基层精英、农民互动视角下的日本近世农村社会治理-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: Rural Social Governance of Japanese in Early Modern Ages under the Perspective of the Interaction between State, Grass-roots Elites and Peasants

Author(s):: ZHENG Pi-chu; （History College，Zhengzhou University， Zhengzhou 450001）

Keywords:: Bakuhan countries; middle-level identities; peasant; village; governance

摘要:: 在日本近世的农村社会治理中，幕藩国家凭借强大的武力完成了对村落的型塑，并通过完备的制度体系和在地权力、文书传达实现了对农民的制度约束和对农村社会的权力渗透。以“村役人”和“大庄屋”等为代表的“身份的中间层”，全面执掌农村基层事务，解决了兵农分离所带来的治理困境，将幕藩权力相对化，成为具有独立性的在地权力。农民面对幕藩国家权力和村役人、大庄屋的在地权力，其对基层事务的主体性并没有被彻底压制，而是广泛参与基层事务，并对幕藩国家的掠夺展开了持久抗争，对在地权力和幕藩国家权力形成了反向制约。由此，日本近世的农村社会治理既不是村落单方面的“自治”，也不是幕藩国家单方面的“他律”，而是形成了幕藩国家、在地权力、农民三者并立的“抗衡共生型三元主体治理”，显示了日本近世农村社会的特性。

Abstract:: Through the rural social governance of Japan in early modern ages,the bakuhan countries completed the shaping of the village by means of powerful force,and realized the institutional restraint on peasants and the power penetration into the rural society through a complete systems and the local power and the transmission of documents.The "middle-level identities", which were represented by village?officers and local village chief?executives, were fully in charge of rural grass-roots affairs, making up for the governance dilemma caused by the separation of soldiers and farmers. This model had become independent local powers for partially replacing bakuhan rights. Faced with the national bakuhan power and the local power of village?officers and local village chief?executives, peasants were not been completely suppressed on their subjectivity in terms of grass-roots affairs, but extensively participating in grass-roots affairs and launching a persistent struggle against the plunder of the bakuhan countries, which formed a reverse restriction on the local power and the national power.Therefore, the rural social governance in early modern Japan was neither the unilateral "autonomy" of the villages, nor the unilateral "heteronomy" of the bakuhan countries, but the "contended and symbiotic ternary-subject governance" consisted of the bakuhan countries, local powers, and peasants, which showed the characteristics of rural society in early modern Japan.