“筭卒”辨析：东牌楼东汉户籍简新探-《中国农史》

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Title:: Differentiation and Analysis of Suanzu（筭卒）: A New Exploration of Dongpailou Household Register Bamboo Slips in the Eastern Han Dynasty

Author(s):: XU Yuan JIN Wen; （History Faculty, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210024）

摘要:: 迄今为止，学界对于东牌楼东汉简中“筭卒”一词的解释仍众说纷纭。通过分析简文，并结合其他文献，尤其《堂邑元寿二年要具簿》，可以发现：除“罢癃晥老”或“笃癃晥老”外，汉代“筭卒”即“筭甲卒”，“卒”作“甲卒”解，但通常并非要征发兵役，亦并非都征收更赋，更不能理解为两种赋役名目，而是要确定有多少服徭役的男丁。简中提到的“笃癃”，大致与“废疾”或“罢癃”同义，并保留了“久病”的语义。东汉继承西汉，亦实行“九十者一子不事”的养老政策。其含义是免除老人家中一个儿孙的算赋和徭役。所谓“筭卒”或“筭甲卒”，主要就是统计需承担徭役的成年男子。

Abstract:: Up to now, there are still divergent opinions in the academic community regarding the interpretation of the term Suanzu（筭卒） in the Dongpailou Eastern Han Dynasty bamboo slips. By analyzing the text and combining it with other literature, especially the Tang-Yi Yuanshou Er-Nian Yaoju Bu（《堂邑元寿二年要具簿》）, it can be found that in the Han Dynasty, except for Pilong Wanlao（罢癃晥老） or Dulong Wanlao（笃癃晥老）, Suanzu（筭卒） was Suan Jiazu（筭甲卒）. Zu（卒） was interpreted as Jia Zu（甲卒）, but usually it was not necessary to conscript for military service, nor was it all about collecting Gengfu（更赋）, nor could it be understood as two types of taxes, but rather to determine the number of male soldiers who served in corvee. The term Dulong（笃癃） mentioned in the bamboo slips is roughly synonymous with Feiji（废疾） or Pilong（罢癃）, while retaining the semantic meaning of prolonged illness. The Eastern Han Dynasty inherited the Western Han Dynasty and also implemented a retirement policy of "An old man over ninety years of age may exempt one of his sons or grandsons from compulsory service ". Its meaning is to exempt one of the elderly’s sons or grandsons from suanfu（算赋） and corvee. The so-called Suanzu（筭卒） or Suan Jiazu（筭甲卒) mainly refers to the statistics of adult men who need to bear the burden of corvee.