清代样米的内涵及应用研究——兼论样斛的应用及其制度-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: A Study on the Connotation and Application of Yangmi in Qing Dynasty：Also on the Application and System of Yanghu

Author(s):: LI Fuqiang; （Research Center of Science Education, Southwest University，Chongqing 400715）

摘要:: 样米在税粮的征收、运输、存储、支放与民间粮食流通过程中，起到了标准和规范作用。本文以《钦定户部漕运全书》《钦定大清会典》《钦定大清会典则例》《清实录》及相关地方志资料为基础，集中研究样米的内涵、应用、弊端及制度。此外，还讨论了规范粮食流通的关键标准量器——样斛。研究认为：干、圆、洁、净是清代乃至传统社会中甄别粮食质量的最高标准，有效保障了粮食的征收与流通；多方评估、签订契约等制度在一定程度上弥补了样米标准自身的不足；官斛校验及严禁淋尖踢斛等措施在一定程度上保障了样米乃至粮食流通的公平与公正。

Abstract:: Yangmi has played an important standard and normative role in collection, transport, storage, and disbursement of tax grain and in folk grain circulation. Based on the research of Qin Ding Hu Bu Cao Yun Quan Shu, Qin Ding Da Qing Hui Dian, Qin Ding Da Qing Hui Dian Ze Li, Qing Shi Lu and gazetteers related，the connotation, application, drawbacks and system of Yangmi are mainly focused on in this article. In addition, the key utensils (Yang Hu) in the process of Yangmi and grain circulation were also discussed. It is concluded that as the highest standard of grain quality in Qing Dynasty and even in traditional society, Gan Yuan Jie Jing effectively guaranteed the collection and circulation of grain; The system of multi-evaluation and contract makes up for the deficiency of Yangmi standard to some extent; Such measures as Guan Hu verification and prohibition of illegal acts to collect grain ensured the fairness and justice of Yangmi and even grain circulation.