[1]马俊亚.“下湖”：明清运河东移与黄河南移的生态后果[J].中国农史,2024,43(04):3-17.
　MA Junya.To the Lake : The Ecological Consequences of the Eastward Movement of the Canal and the Southward Movement of the Yellow River in Ming and Qing Dynasties[J].AGRICULTURAL HISTORY OF CHINA,2024,43(04):3-17.
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“下湖”：明清运河东移与黄河南移的生态后果()
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《中国农史》[ISSN:1000-4459/CN:32-1061/S]

卷:
43
期数:
2024年04期
页码:
3-17
栏目:
出版日期:
2024-08-28

文章信息/Info

Title:
To the Lake : The Ecological Consequences of the Eastward Movement of the Canal and the Southward Movement of the Yellow River in Ming and Qing Dynasties
作者:
马俊亚
（南京大学 历史学院， 江苏 南京 210023）
Author(s):
MA Junya
（School of History, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023）
关键词:
下湖; 运河东移; 黄河南移; 洪泽湖; 下五坝
Keywords:
to the Lake;  the canal moved east;  the Yellow River shifted south;  Hongze Lake;  Lower Wuba
分类号:
S-09；K207
文献标志码:
A
摘要:
明代迁都北京后，停止漕粮海运，重开东移的运河。由于运河居于极易溃决的黄河下游，经常被冲坍。为了捍护运道，明弘治年间在黄河北侧大筑太行堤，实施黄河南移工程，把全部黄河水流逼入河道相对窄小的淮河。为了冲刷黄河下游泥沙，并向淮安段运河供水，明臣又截断淮河下游河道，在平原地带修建巨型水库洪泽湖。加上修建在高地、为了向运河最高处济宁段供水的微山诸湖，苏北、鲁南、皖北、豫东南地区每年都要蒙受严重的洪涝灾患。这里的田地常年潴水成湖，民众忘了“田”“地”之类词汇，而代之以“湖”；下田被称为“下湖”。这一方言形成的背后，隐含着极为惨烈的水患祸民、生态衰败痛史。为了维持每年约400万石的漕粮运输，明清时每年仅在苏北、皖北造成的农作物损失即相当于每年漕粮总数的6.5至22.5倍；约为清中期每年财政收入的11倍。
Abstract:
After the Ming Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing, the tribute grain transportation by sea was stopped and the canal was reopened to the east. Because the canal located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which was easy to break, it often collapsed. In order to protect the canal, the Taihang Dyke was built on the north side of the Yellow River during the reign of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty, and the Yellow River was moved south, forcing all the water of the Yellow River flow into the relatively narrow Huaihe River. In order to scour the sediment from the lower reaches of the Yellow River and supply water to the Huai ’an Canal, Water conservancy minister in Ming Dynasty cut off the lower reaches of the Huai River and built a giant reservoir, Hongze Lake, on the plain. In addition to the Weishan lakes, which were built in the highlands to supply water to the Jining section, the highest point of the canal, the northern Jiangsu, southern Shandong, northern Anhui and southeastern Henan were subject to serious flood disasters every year. The lands here were virtually lakes all year round,the people forget the words "field" and "land", and replace them with "lake"; when they went to fields are called "going to the lake". Behind the formation of this dialect, there was an extremely tragic history of flood disaster and ecological decline. In order to maintain the annual transport of about 4 million shi of grain, the annual crop loss in northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui was equivalent to 6.5 to 22.5 times of tribute the total amount of tribute grain each year. About 11 times the annual fiscal revenue in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.
更新日期/Last Update: 2024-09-10