“至亲”与“山老虎”：清代杭州坟亲关系探析-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: Close Relatives and "Mountain Tigers" :Research on the FenQin（坟亲） Relationship in Hangzhou in Qing Dynasty

Author(s):: ZI Xiawei; （School of History and Cultures，Sichuan University，Chengdu 310028）

Keywords:: Hangzhou; FenQin; far apart from urban and country; cemetery sale; clan lineages

摘要:: 明中后期，管坟人普遍出现。杭州管坟人被坟主尊称为“坟亲”。双方往来如至亲。这种现象的形成有诸多原因。明中后期以来杭州都市化进程以及清初旗营的存在，使得杭州城闉远隔，城内居民难以日常照料祖先坟茔，需要委托乡民予以照顾。杭州坟地紧张，乡民在墓地买卖中占据优势。买主让渡坟山收益作为卖主看坟守墓的报酬。作为土著的乡民通过阻葬、营建坟墓、提供厝所以及与风水先生、书役等形成的复杂社会网络获得较高地位，在墓祭时还可获得坟包。太平天国战争凸显了坟亲的价值与意义。在坟亲的帮助下，各家族得以找到湮没的先祖茔墓以及失散的亲人。将坟亲载入族谱成为杭州家族的普遍举动，双方的关系进一步增强。

Abstract:: In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, people in charge of the tomb generally appeared. The people who managed tombs in Hangzhou are called "FenQin" by the master of the tomb. The two sides communicated like close relatives. There are many reasons for this phenomenon. Since the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the urbanization process of Hangzhou and the existence of banner camps in the early Qing Dynasty had made it far away from the village. It is difficult for the residents in the city to take care of the ancestral tombs on a daily basis, and they needed to be entrusted to the villagers to take care of them. The cemetery in Hangzhou is tense, and the villagers had an advantage in the cemetery trading. The buyer gave the proceeds of the cemetery to the seller in return for viewing and guarding the grave. As aboriginal villagers, they gaind a higher status through complex social networks such as obstructing burials, building tombs, providing shelters, and FengShui（风水） masters, ShuYi（书役）, etc., and they could also get FenBao（坟包） during tomb sacrifices. The war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom highlighted the value and significance of FenQin. With the help of FenQin, the families were able to find the tombs of their ancestors and their separated relatives. Incorporating the grave relatives into the genealogy had become a common move of the Hangzhou family, and the relationship between the two parties had been further strengthened.