19世纪晚期中西欧“谷物大入侵”探析-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: Research on "Grain Invasion" in Central and Western Europe in the Late 19th Century

Author(s):: ZHU Hua-jin; （School of Ethnology and Sociology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006）

Keywords:: grain invasion; late 19th century; wheat; agricultural revolution; Central and Western Europe

摘要:: 19世纪晚期中西欧“谷物大入侵”是指19世纪70年代初至90年代中叶，中西欧诸多国家面临来自美俄等世界农业生产大国的谷物持续性大规模涌入的现象，这一现象深刻影响了中西欧农业发展的进程。“谷物大入侵”打破了中西欧农业生产与贸易的平衡状态，主要农产品的价格持续下跌，土地价格与租金等亦有不同幅度的下滑，直至19世纪90年代中叶外部谷物输入的衰退才使得这场农业慢性萧条宣告结束。“谷物大入侵”是世界农业大国农业生产大发展、交通运输革命、欧洲贸易壁垒瓦解等因素综合作用的产物，它催化中西欧国家的农业启动变革，包括加速农业迈向专业化与现代化、促使经济作物和食品加工业成为新发展方向、提高传统农业的生产效率等。但整体而言，在主要大国农业保护的姿态下，“谷物大入侵”仅是有限地影响中西欧农业革命的演进。

Abstract:: The "Grain Invasion" of Central and Western Europe in the late 19th century refers to the phenomenon that from the early 1870s to the mid-1890s, many countries in Central and Western Europe faced a continuous large-scale influx of grains from the world’s major agricultural production countries such as the United States and Russia. This phenomenon greatly affected the process of agricultural development in Central and Western Europe. The "grain invasion" broke the calm state of agricultural production and trade in Central and Western Europe. The prices of major agricultural products, land value and its rents fell continuously, and it was not until the mid-1890s that the decline in external grain input brought this chronic agricultural depression to an end. "Grain Invasion" was the product of great development of agricultural production in the "virgin land", transportation revolution and the collapsed of European trade barriers. To a certain extent, it had promoted huge changes in the agriculture of Central and Western European countries, included accelerating agriculture to specialization and modernization, turned cash crops and food processing industries into new development directions, and improved production efficiency in traditional agriculture. On the whole, under the agricultural protection posture of major powers, the scope and depth of the agricultural revolution in Central and Western Europe is limited.