晋唐时期吐鲁番盆地的谷物种植与收获时间考证——基于吐鲁番出土文献-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: A Textual Research on the Grain Planting and Harvest Time in Turpan Basin from Jin to Tang Dynasties: According to the Ancient Turpan Documents

作者:: 蒋洪恩1 武海龙2; 3 王广超1 王博4; （1. 中国科学院大学人文学院，北京100049；2. 中国人民大学历史学院，北京100872；3. 新疆吐鲁番学研究院，新疆吐鲁番 838000；4. 新疆维吾尔自治区博物馆，新疆乌鲁木齐 830091）

Author(s):: JIANG Hong-en1 WU Hai-long2; 3 WANG Guang-chao1 WANG Bo4; （1. School of Humanities, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049; 2. School of History, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872; 3. Turpania Academia, Turpan 838000; 4. Museum of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830091)

Keywords:: from Jin to Tang Dynasties; Turpan Basin; sowing and harvesting times of cereals; unearthed documents

摘要:: 吐鲁番阿斯塔那墓地出土的大量晋唐时代的文献，为我们研究当地居民的农业活动和植物利用提供了丰富的材料。本文根据吐鲁番出土文献所提供的谷物种植、收获的大致日期，结合朔闰表和史日对照表，推定晋唐时期吐鲁番盆地居民大麦、小麦、糜与粟的大致播种与收获时间。研究发现，晋唐时期吐鲁番居民一般于公历2月底至3月上旬播种小麦，3月中、下旬播种大麦，6月下旬至7月初收获大麦，7月中下旬收获小麦；糜与粟的种植时间相对灵活，大致为公历5月下旬至7月中旬，收获时间不晚于10月下旬。因夏季需要抢收大、小麦，故二者的交租或偿还时间与收获时间大致吻合；秋季因农活较少，种田人可从容治秋，故上缴糜与粟的日期要晚于秋收时间。

Abstract:: A large number of documents from the Jin to Tang dynasties, unearthed from the Astana cemetery in Turpan provide us with abundant materials for studying the agricultural activities and plant utilization of our ancestors. Early researchers have discovered the types of crops, crop planting and grain utilization, but the understanding of the issue about the specific sowing and harvest time of cereals are still open. Based on the approximate data provided by the Turpan unearthed documents, combined with the Shuo-Run and the historical date comparison tables, the approximate sowing and harvesting times of barley, wheat, common millet and foxtail millet during the Jin to Tang Dynasties in Turpan Basin are estimated. We found that the ancient Turpan people generally planted wheat and barley from the end of February to early March, and mid to late March, respectively. They harvested barley and wheat from late June to early July, and mid to late-July, respectively. The planting time of foxtail millet and common millet were relatively flexible. Roughly from mid-May to mid-July on the Gregorian calendar, and the harvest time is roughly in early mid-October. Due to the need to rush to harvest barley and wheat in summer, the rent or repayment time of the two grains is roughly the same as the harvest time. As there is less farm work at the end of autumn, farmers can calmly manage the fall, so the date of handing over the millet is later than the harvesting time.