“粪种”与“粪田”——《周礼》“强?用蕡”问题再认识-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: Fen Zhong or Fen Tian : A New Thinking on Qiang Jian Yong Fen in the Zhou Rituals

Author(s):: LIU Xing-lin; （School of History, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023）

Keywords:: the Zhou Rituals; Fen Zhong; Fen Tian; seed fertilizer; cannabis; cannabis pomace

摘要:: 《周礼·地官·草人》“粪种”提到以八种动物和蕡对应分九类土壤，对此学界历来有改良土壤的方法和种肥技术两种认识，但它们都很少涉及对“强?用蕡”的解释。蕡是麻子，我国早在春秋时期即已有植物油生产，根据《草人》语境和汉代大麻灯油的生产以及宋元大麻油渣滓（麻枯或麻籸）利用情况的分析，可以认为《周礼》的“粪种”是以动物粪便溲种或拌种的种肥技术，而“强?用蕡”是针对强坚土使用大麻油渣拌种，也是种肥技术，它与施之于土的“粪田”不是一回事。对大麻油渣的利用不但涉及到施肥技术，同时也与植物油生产密切相关。

Abstract:: In ancient document the Zhou Rituals, there is a volume named Di Guan. Cao Ren mentions that people used Fen and eight different animals to match nine soil types. And this method was called Fen Zhong. Researchers have interpreted this record in two ways. Some think that it is a method to advance the soil quality, while others believe it is Seed Fertilizer technology. Besides, the sentence Qiang Jian Yong Fen has not been fully explained. Fen is usually known as a kind of hemp and plant like this was used to produce oil early in the Spring and Autumn Period. The question can be rethought considering the context of Cao Ren, the production of cannabis lamp fuel in Han dynasty and the usage of Ma Shen (the residue left after squeezing the hemp oil) in Song and Yuan dynasties. In the Zhou Rituals, mixing seeds with animal excrement and Qiang Jian Yong Fen both indicate Seed Fertilizer technology. And Qiang Jian Yong Fen means mixing seeds with Ma Shen when facing hard soil. Fen Zhong has no relations with the idea of Fen Tian, which is distributing the manure and Ma Shen over the filed directly. It can be concluded that Ma Shen is closely related to fertilizing approaches and the manufacture of plant oil in ancient China.