[1]李勇进.立字为据：清中期至民国西北民族地区乡村家族契约的制度实践[J].中国农史,2026,45(01):90-105.
　LI Yongjin.Set Down in Writing as Evidence: Institutional Practices of Rural Clan Contracts in Northwest Ethnic Minority Areas from the Mid-Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China[J].AGRICULTURAL HISTORY OF CHINA,2026,45(01):90-105.
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立字为据：清中期至民国西北民族地区乡村家族契约的制度实践()

《中国农史》[ISSN:1000-4459/CN:32-1061/S]

卷:
45
期数:
2026年01期
页码:
90-105
栏目:
出版日期:
2026-02-28

文章信息/Info

Title:
Set Down in Writing as Evidence: Institutional Practices of Rural Clan Contracts in Northwest Ethnic Minority Areas from the Mid-Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China
作者:
李勇进
（兰州大学 历史文化学院，甘肃 兰州 730030）
Author(s):
LI Yongjin
（School of History and Culture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030）
关键词:
洮州; 土地买卖文书; 分家文书; 坟地兑换文书; 房屋交易文书
Keywords:
Taozhou; land transaction documents;  family division documents;  cemetery exchange documents;  house transaction documents
分类号:
S-09；K207
文献标志码:
A
摘要:
通过对洮州乡村家族契约文书的分析，可揭示出清中期以降当地土地交易的核心特征：在交易性质上，“绝卖”为土地所有权转移的主要形式；在交易空间上，主要集中于本村及邻近村庄，体现出村级土地交易市场的存在；在交易流程上，中人与房亲的参与人数普遍为1人，且“画押钱”多为象征性费用，这与相邻的河州地区存在明显差异，凸显出区域间交易习俗的不同。至清末民国，该地区土地交易模式发生显著变化：中人逐渐显现出半职业化趋势；而此前在交易中“必须在场”的房亲，其参与的必要性不断降低，最终退出交易环节，反映出土地交易制度的变迁轨迹。在分家层面，契约展现制度与文化融合的鲜明特点：“兄东弟西”的分配原则，正是国家律法、儒家伦理与地方习俗三者互动调适的结果；而已出家为僧的原家庭成员仍能参与财产分配，则是汉藏交界地区宗教文化影响下分家析产制度所呈现的特殊运行规则，体现了文化对制度的深刻塑造。同时，坟地兑换使用正式文书来规范权属关系，本质上也是维系家族内部秩序的重要协调机制。此外，契约还间接反映了民族交融的历史进程，部分失去土地的农民为维持生计进入藏地，通过直接耕种土司兵马田和吃藏民兵马田等方式开始定居，客观上加速了汉藏民族在生产、生活、文化等方面的交往交流交融，为推动区域经济发展、维护社会稳定与巩固民族团结起到了积极作用。
Abstract:
An analysis of rural family contract documents in Taozhou can reveal the main characteristics of local land transactions since the mid-Qing Dynasty: In terms of transaction nature, "absolute sale" was the primary form of land ownership transfer; in terms of transaction space, transactions were mainly concentrated in the village itself and neighboring villages, reflecting the existence of a village-level land transaction market; in terms of transaction procedures, the number of intermediaries and paternal relatives involved was generally one person, and "signature fees" were mostly symbolic. This stood in marked contrast to the adjacent Hezhou area, highlighting differences in transaction customs across regions.By the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the land transaction model in this area underwent significant changes: Intermediaries gradually showed a tendency toward semi-professionalization; meanwhile, the necessity for paternal relatives, who had previously been "required to be present" in transactions, diminished steadily, and they eventually withdrew from the transaction process, reflecting the evolutionary trajectory of the land transaction system.At the level of family division, contract documents exhibit distinct characteristics of the integration of institutions and culture: The distribution principle of "elder brother in the east, younger brother in the west" is precisely the result of the interactive adaptation among state laws, Confucian ethics, and local customs. Furthermore, the fact that family members who had become monks could still participate in property distribution represents a special operational rule of the family division and property system under the influence of religious culture in Sino-Tibetan border areas, embodying the profound shaping of institutions by culture.Meanwhile, the use of formal documents to regulate ownership relations in graveyard exchanges is essentially an important coordination mechanism for maintaining internal family order.In addition, contract documents indirectly reflect the historical process of ethnic integration. Some landless peasants, to make a living, entered Tibetan areas and settled down by directly cultivating chieftain’s military farmland and Tibetan people’s military farmland. This objectively accelerated exchanges, interactions, and integration between the Han and Tibetan ethnic groups in production, daily life, and culture, playing a positive role in promoting regional economic development, maintaining social stability, and consolidating ethnic unity.
更新日期/Last Update: 2026-03-19