19世纪中叶乡村民变的动员——以江南太平天国民变为中心-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: The Mobilization of the Popular Revolts in Jiangnan Rural Area in the Mid-19th Century：Centering on the Popular Revolts in the Occupied Area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Author(s):: LIU Chen; （Department of History, Peking University, Beijing 100871）

Keywords:: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom; popular revolt; peasant resistance; mobilization mode; Jiangnan countryside

摘要:: 19世纪中叶，江南乡村民变迭起，在太平天国占据时期达到了一个高潮。江南重赋、苛捐、佃租盘剥，以及官吏贪腐之弊，无疑是促发乡村民变的重要内因，但民变必须经动员才能成型。太平天国占领区民变动员模式的组织、方式、场所、仪式这四个核心层面因素，与太平天国据守江南前20年间清朝统治下的同区域民变相比，既有传统民变动员的延续性，又有战时太平天国自己的特殊性。在愈演愈烈的社会矛盾中，正是这种传统与特殊的结合，使“天国”占领区民变的规模和烈度在相对短的时间内均超越了清朝统治时的同区域民变，从整体上建构了“民众对抗太平军”这一特殊历史现象的形塑过程。民变的多发频发，加剧了太平天国政权系统内部各阶层的离心倾向，加速了太平天国的败亡。

Abstract:: In the middle of the 19th century, there were many rural popular revolts in Jiangnan, which reached a climax in the early 1860s when the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom occupied Jiangnan. There was no doubt that the heavy taxes, exorbitant donation, rent exploitation, and official corruption were the important external factors to promote the peasant resistance, but the popular revolts can only be formed after mobilization. In fact, there were four core factors in the mobilization mode of the popular revolts in the occupied area of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: organization, mode, location and ceremony. Comparing with the popular revolts in the same area governed by the Qing court during the 20 years before it occupied by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the above factors were similar to the traditional popular revolts in mobilization on the one hand, and had its own particularity on the other hand. In the growing social contradictions, it was because of the combination of the similarity of traditional mobilization and the particularity of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in wartime that the scale and intensity of the popular revolts in the occupied area of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom surpassed those of the former dynasty. In addition, that combination constructed the shaping process of the special historical phenomenon of "people against Taiping Army", on the whole, aggravated the fractionalism in all classes of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and accelerated its defeat.