成绩、问题与对策：民国时期作物育种科技的发展——以《中华农学会报》所刊文章为中心的考察-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: Achievements, Problems and Countermeasures: the Development Course of Crops Breeding Science and Technology in the Period of Republic of China:A Study Centered on the Articles Published in Journal of the Agricultural Association of China

Author(s):: GUO Jian-xin; （Institution of Chinese Agricultural Civilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095）

Keywords:: crops; development of breeding science and technology; Journal of the Agricultural Association of China; the period of Republic of China

摘要:: 民国时期作物育种科技快速发展。基于作物育种备受政府和农学界重视，国外育种专家来华指导及中华农学会的推动等因素，育种科技经历了从借鉴引进到吸收利用再到创新转化三个发展阶段。育种科技在提升作物产量、品质等方面取得成绩的同时，也存在一些亟待解决的问题，包括：育种科技向两极化方向发展；科学研究重视品种而轻栽培法；忽视混合选种法等传统育种方法；作物育种与调查、推广相脱节。针对以上问题，民国政府制订相关政策，统筹育种科技的发展；育种学者积极响应并出谋划策，推动育种科技发展。这些对策包括：加强多种经济作物和特种作物的育种工作；育种试验场因地制宜开展作物育种；育种和栽培并重；育种试验场联合地方农政机关共同开展混合选种工作。

Abstract:: Crop breeding technology developed rapidly in the period of Republic of China. Due to government and agronomists attaching importance to crop breeding, the guidance of foreign breeding experts in China and the promotion of the Agricultural Association of China, the breeding technology had experienced three development stages from introduction and learning, absorption and utilization to innovation and transformation. While breeding technology had made achievements in improving crop yield and quality, there were also some problems that need to be solved, including: breeding technology developed toward the direction of polarization; Scientific research attached importance to varieties and ignored cultivation methods; Traditional breeding methods such as mixed seed selection were ignored; Crop breeding was disconnected from investigation and extension. Aiming at the above problems, the government of the Republic of China formulated relevant policies to coordinate the development of breeding technology. Breeders actively responded and made suggestions to promote the development of breeding technology. These countermeasures: the breeding of a variety of cash crops and specialty crops were strengthened; Crop breeding was carried out in breeding experimental sites according to local conditions; Regard breeding and cultivation as equally important; Breeding experimental sites and local agricultural authorities jointly carried out mixed seed selection work.