中国近代农垦思想的探索和演变 ——兼议农垦现代化经营的模式选择-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: The Exploration and Evolution of Agricultural Reclamation Thoughts in Modern China： With an Analysis of Model Selection for Modernized Operation

Author(s):: ZENG Jiang ZHOU Zichao; （ Business School, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088 ）

Keywords:: agricultural reclamation; salty land reclamation; cultivation; Large-scale Farming

摘要:: 随着现代农业技术和经营模式传入中国，清末思想家开始探讨将其应用于垦荒领域，尤其倡导设立股份公司从事规模化、机械化经营。但是，20世纪初期私营农垦公司大量建立后，却在土地权属、租佃关系、基础设施建设等方面面临困难。对此，以张謇为代表的农垦经营者在实践中积累了一些思考，但农垦公司普遍的经营不善，表明很多问题难以在企业层面得到解决。20世纪30年代后，越来越多学者和思想家主张农垦应由国家而非私营公司主导，建议在土地国有的基础上实施规模化、农场化经营，由中央政府筹资并规划基础设施建设，以及将现代化生产经营与军队屯垦结合起来。这一以国家为组织主体的农垦思想为新中国农垦制度的建立奠定了思想基础。

Abstract:: The introduction of modern agricultural technology and management models to China during the late Qing Dynasty prompted thinkers to explore their application in land reclamation. A prominent proposal was the use of joint-stock companies to facilitate large-scale, mechanized operations. However, the subsequent proliferation of private agricultural reclamation companies in the early 20th century encountered severe challenges, including unclear land rights, conflict-ridden tenancy relations, and inadequate infrastructure. Entrepreneurs like Zhang Jian acquired valuable knowledge through practical experience. Nevertheless, the pervasive operational difficulties faced by these companies indicated that many issues could not be effectively resolved at the corporate level. Consequently, after the 1930s, a growing consensus emerged among scholars and thinkers that agricultural reclamation should be led by the state rather than private enterprises. They proposed implementing large-scale, farm-based operations on state-owned land. This model involved central government funding and planning of infrastructure construction, and the integration of modern agricultural production with military land reclamation efforts. This state-led reclamation thought laid the foundation for the agricultural reclamation system after the founding of PRC.