鱼类大挪移：美国进步主义时期的鲑鱼“养殖

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Title:: Moving Fish Around: The Salmon Culture and Release Movement in American Progressive Period

摘要:: 19世纪末美国面临严重的渔业资源危机。随着资源保护运动和渔业科研的发展，由联邦渔业管理机构主导的鱼类“养殖—放流”运动逐渐兴起。这场运动以舆论宣传为先导，以建设孵育站、保障放流、革新技术手段等为主要措施，在鲑鱼养殖、放流方面最为引人注目。然而，随着渔业资源的持续衰退，“养殖—放流”运动也在20世纪40年代后逐渐销声匿迹。回顾这段历史不难发现，“养殖—放流”运动在促进科研进步、实行渔业资源保护及刺激养殖渔业发展方面，做出了许多有益的尝试；但在保护物种多样性及基因多样性、革新鱼病防治技术和恢复野生鱼种及栖息地等方面，“养殖—放流”运动仍有许多不足之处。

Abstract:: At the end of the 19th Century, America faced a serious crisis of fishery resources. Along with the development of the resource conservation movement and fishery researching, the culture and release movement, which was dominated by federal government, had been gradually emerging.The movement was took by leading the public opinion, constructing hatchery stations, maintaining release and innovating technology as the main measures. In the process, salmon culture and release movement was the most remarkable. However, due to continuous decline of fishery resources, the movement vanished after the 1940s. Reviewing this history, it is not difficult to find that the movement made a useful attempt on promoting fishery scientific research, conserving fishery resources and stimulating fish culture development. Nevertheless, the movement still had limitations on the protecting species diversity and genetic diversity, preventing fish diseases, and restoration of wild fishes and habitats.