[1]付坚强.从世界市场视角看18世纪以来的中国茶业——《近世以来世界茶叶市场与中国茶业》评述[J].中国农史,2022,41(01):117-124.
　FU Jian-qiang.Chinese Tea Industry since the 18th Century from the Perspective of World Market：The Review of The World Tea Market and China’s Tea Industry Since Modern Times[J].AGRICULTURAL HISTORY OF CHINA,2022,41(01):117-124.
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从世界市场视角看18世纪以来的中国茶业——《近世以来世界茶叶市场与中国茶业》评述()
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《中国农史》[ISSN:1000-4459/CN:32-1061/S]

卷:
41
期数:
2022年01期
页码:
117-124
栏目:
出版日期:
2022-02-28

文章信息/Info

Title:
Chinese Tea Industry since the 18th Century from the Perspective of World Market：The Review of The World Tea Market and China’s Tea Industry Since Modern Times
作者:
付坚强
（南京农业大学 人文与社会发展学院，江苏 南京 210095）
Author(s):
FU Jian-qiang
（College of Humanities and Social Development, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095）
关键词:
价格悖论; 近代茶业; 世界市场; 华茶
Keywords:
price paradox;  modern tea industry;  world market;  China tea
分类号:
S-09；K207
文献标志码:
A
摘要:
自19世纪中叶起，中国茶业由垄断国际市场快速走向全面且无法逆转的衰落。对于其中所涉国际竞争、经济规律、政商关系、价格机制等前沿性问题，石涛所著《近世以来世界茶叶市场与中国茶业》在新视角与新史料的基础上进行了有益探索。近代中国茶业受国际竞争、国家政治与经济规律的多重挤压，晋商作为茶业主体一直未能实现利润的有效传导及分配。19世纪中叶之前，中外贸易服务于清政府的羁縻边境国策，茶叶交易更多出于交换关系之维系，生产与销售的脱节使得国内茶商缺乏议价权。19世纪中叶之后，中美假茶问题导致中方失去了通过卖方需求端来提升华茶“价格-质量”良性互动的机会，中俄恰克图贸易中俄方却利用中方对皮毛的旺盛需求实现了产业升级。在无法参与世界市场利润分割的情况下，国内产业链条中的利润分配更加阻滞，茶商虽拥有生产垄断权但始终受政府的严格控制，更重要的是，茶商的利润率与资本积累一直没有对国内就业、劳动生产率、资金投入以及技术创新产生正向刺激，反而通过建立卡特尔联盟将成本转嫁到组织外部，从而造成最底层茶农的贫困。此外，从世界市场与中国茶业的相对静态分析来看，经济史研究成果的最佳构想既离不开历史视角下的归纳，也离不开经济视角的逻辑抽象，两者应在整体上保持逻辑与历史的一致性。
Abstract:
Since the middle of the 19th century, China’s tea industry has rapidly moved from monopolizing the international market to a comprehensive and irreversible decline. Shi Tao’s The World Tea Market and China’s Tea Industry Since Modern Times has made a useful exploration on the cutting-edge issues involved in the international competition, economic laws, political and business relations and value mechanism on the basis of new perspectives and new historical materials. Before the mid-19th century, Chinese and foreign trade needed to serve the border state policy of the Qing government. Tea trading was more due to the maintenance of exchange relations. The disconnection between production and sales made domestic tea merchants lack bargaining power; After the mid-19th century, the problem of fake tea between China and the United States led China to lose the opportunity to realize the benign interaction of "price-quality" based on the seller’s demand, while Russia in Kyakhta trade took advantage of China’s demand for fur to realize industrial upgrading. In the case of being unable to participate in the profit division of the world market, the profit distribution in the domestic industrial chain was more blocked. Although tea merchants had the production monopoly, they were always strictly controlled by the government. More importantly, the profit margin and capital accumulation of tea merchants had not positively stimulated domestic employment, labor productivity, capital investment and technological innovation. On the contrary, they had transferred the cost to the outside of the organization through the establishment of cartel alliance, resulting in the poverty of the lowest tea farmers. In addition, the relative static analysis based on the world market and China’s tea industry showed that the best conception of the research results of economic history is inseparable from the induction from the historical perspective and the logical abstraction from the economic perspective. On the whole, the consistency between logic and history should be maintained.
更新日期/Last Update: 2022-03-14