清代山西乡村社分制度研究-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: The Research on Rural Shefen System of Shanxi Province in Qing Dynasty

作者:: 姚春敏1 赵振锋2; （1.山西师范大学华北区域文化研究中心，山西太原 030031；2.山西师范大学戏剧与影视学院，山西太原 030031）

Author(s):: YAO Chun-min1 ZHAO Zhen-feng2; （1.North China Regional Culture Research Center, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031; 2.School of Drama and Film & Television, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031）

Keywords:: Qing dynasty village; Shefen system; the village community; area of farmland

摘要:: 社分制度是清代村社模仿国家税收制度自发形成的一种乡村经济制度，目前在山西、内蒙古和河南等地的清代碑刻中都发现了踪影。以清代山西为例，乡村社分制度的实质是以村落为空间单位，按照地亩等占有比例向村民征收钱粮和杂役，用以建设村落公共设施和举行神庙赛社的一种经济制度。经历明代的萌芽期，乡村社分制度在康熙朝形成，至乾隆朝臻于完善，它的发展变化与国家赋税改革息息相关。社分的具体实施在三晋各地虽略有差异，但主要是按照村落内的地亩征收，另辅有人丁、牲畜以及蚕丝产量等多种均摊方式。围绕着社分征收，村社形成了严密的保障制度。社分制度的实施标志着清代山西乡村公共经济来源从依赖捐赠的无序状态进入有序、稳定的阶段，它是清代村社经济的合理补充。

Abstract:: The Shefen system is a rural economic system spontaneously formed by the village community in the Qing Dynasty imitating the national tax system. It has been found in the Qing Dynasty inscriptions in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Henan and other places. Taking Shanxi Province as an example in the Qing Dynasty, the essence of the rural Shefen system is an economic system in which the village is the space unit, and the money, grain and other chores are collected from the villagers in accordance with the proportion of acres of land to build village public facilities and Saishe. After the embryonic period of Ming Dynasty, the rural Shefen system was formed in Kangxi period and perfected in Qianlong period. Its development and changes were closely related to the national tax reform. Although the specific implementation of Shefen was slightly different in different parts of Shanxi Province, it was mainly levied in accordance with the land area of villages, supplemented by a variety of sharing methods such as population, livestock and silk output. Around the collection of Shefen, the village community formed a strict security system. The implementation of the Shefen system marked that the rural public economic source of Shanxi in the Qing Dynasty had entered an orderly and stable stage from the disordered state of relying on donations, and it was a reasonable supplement to the commune economy in the Qing Dynasty.