从贡赋分派到折银改革——兼论明代药材市场的形成与影响-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: From Tribute Distribution to Silver Currency Reform: A Concurrent Discussion on the Development of Medicinal Materials Market in the Ming Dynasty and Its Influence

Author(s):: ZHENG Hong; （School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University，Hangzhou 310053）

摘要:: 封建王朝历来有地方向朝廷进贡地产药材的制度。明代前期，药材均以实物形式上贡，府县分派的贡额与人口、田亩等情况有一定的关联。明中后期，为减轻地方负担，朝廷推行“一条鞭法”改革，各地土贡物品实行折银上交。由于皇家医疗对“道地药材”的需求，在太医院的干预下，药材土贡依然维持实物纳贡，但许多地方仍在县级层面实施折银改革举措，而由府及布政司采购实物解运上贡，这在一定程度上减轻了基层负担。药材贡赋的分派与改革实施情况，反映出明代中后期区域性药材市场正在逐渐形成，是清前期全国性药材市场发展成熟的前奏。

Abstract:: In China’s feudal dynasties, the local governments always brought tribute to the central government with local medicinal materials by conventions. In the early Ming Dynasty, the medicinal materials were all in the form of physical tribute, and the distribution of tribute amount in prefectures and counties was related to population, farmland and so on. In order to reduce the local burden, the reform of One Lash Method was carried out in the middle and later period of Ming Dynasty, and they handed over the equivalent amount of silver currency instead of local specialties like local medicinal materials. Due to the Royal’s demand for "geo-authentic medicinal materials", the medical materials were maintained with the intervention of the Royal Medical Hospital. However, many local governments have implemented the silver discount reform at the county level. The government and the chief secretary then purchased and transported goods to pay tribute, which had alleviated the burden on the grass-roots level to some extent. The distribution and reform of medicinal materials tribute reflected the gradual formation of regional medicinal materials market in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, which was the prelude to the development of national medicinal materials market in the early Qing Dynasty.