略论西周的马与马政——以出土文献为中心的考察-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: The Research on Horses and Horse Policy in the Western Zhou Dynasty：Investigation Centered on Unearthed Documents

Author(s):: HU Qiwei; （Institute of Historical Theories, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100101）

摘要:: 马是中国古代最常见的牲畜。根据出土文献考察，西周时人对马的品种、外形、来源等有着较为深入的认识，不仅设置牧场专门蕃息马匹，而且配备专官管理饲养、放牧到驾驭使用全过程，可谓事无巨细。西周王朝马源渠道，除了周人自有马种，还可从诸侯贡纳和战争等途径获取马匹。其使用范围一般为日常生活劳作和军事战争等领域，但细言之尚有赏赐下级、互相馈赠和祭祀陪葬等用途，是周代礼乐社会的一个反映。

Abstract:: Horse was one of the most common livestock in ancient China. According to the unearthed documents, people in the Western Zhou dynasty had a detailed understanding of the breeds, shapes and sources of horses. They not only set up a pasture dedicated to breeding horses, but also equipped special officials under the Shi（师氏） to manage the whole process from feeding and driving. The western Zhou dynasty had a wide range of horse sources. In addition to the Zhou people’s own horse, they could also obtain horses from vassals and wars. The scope of its use is generally in the fields of daily life and military war. But in detail, there are gifts to the subordinate, mutual gifts and sacrificial burial and other uses, which was a reflection of the ritual society in the Zhou Dynasty.