物候、水汛与河防：黄河十二月水名及其防汛意义-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: Phenology, Shuixun（水汛）and Flood-Prevention:Yellow River Water Name for Twelve Months and Its Significance in Flood Control

作者:: 郭云奇1 惠富平2; （1.南京农业大学中华农业文明研究院，江苏南京 210095；2.南京信息工程大学科技史与气象文明研究院，江苏南京 210044）

Author(s):: GUO Yunqi1 HUI Fuping2; （1.Chinese Academy of Agriculture Civilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095;2.Institute of History of Science and Technology and Meteorological Civilization，Nanjing University of Information Science ＆ Technology，Nanjing 210044）

Keywords:: Yellow River; water name for twelve months; phenology; shuixun; flood-prevention

摘要:: “黄河十二月水名”是以物候名称反映黄河一年十二个月水势状态的时令体系。黄河的涨落变化对沿岸民众生活有极大影响，是相关黄河文化形成和发展的根本。古人通过观察黄河从正月至十二月每个月的水势变化，利用各种物候及节令概念，总结出相应的水名体系。这套水名体系曾对黄河下游地区的防汛抗灾及农业活动产生了一定的指导作用。明清以降，由于国家加强对黄河河防的直接管理，在十二月水名的基础上，逐渐衍生出“水汛”名称，进而形成现今人们所熟知的“桃、伏、秋、凌”四汛体系，朝廷则在“水汛”名称系统之下，依据汛期指导河防，安排河工。

Abstract:: Yellow River "water name for twelve months" （十二月水名）is a seasonal system of phenological names reflecting the water status of the Yellow River for twelve months a year. The fluctuations of the Yellow River have a great impact on the lives of the people along the coast, and are fundamental to the formation and development of the relevant Yellow River culture.The ancients summarized the corresponding water name system by observing the changes in the water potential of the Yellow River from the first month to December, using various phenology and seasonal concepts. This set of water name systems has played a guiding role in flood prevention and disaster relief and agricultural activities in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as the state strengthened direct management of the Yellow River flood-prevention, the name "shuixun"（水汛） was gradually derived on the basis of the water name for twelve months, which has become known as the "tao, fu, qiu, ling" （桃、伏、秋、凌） four floods. The government guides flood-prevention during flood season and arranges river works under the name system of "shuixun".