清代北方的地权结构与地权交易——以彭阳、土默特及太行山区土地契约为例-《中国农史》

文章信息/Info

Title:: Structure and Transactions of Land Ownership in North China during Qing Dynasty：Take Land Contracts in Pengyang, Tmud and Taihang Mountain Area for Examples

Author(s):: LIN Sheng-qiang CAO Shu-ji; （1.School of History and Culture, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471000; 2.Department of History, Shanghai Jiao Tong University，Shanghai 200240）

Keywords:: land ownership; Pengyang; Tumd; Taihang Mountain area; land contract

摘要:: 学界长期流传这样的看法，传统时代中国北方的地权结构并不像南方那么复杂，地权交易也不如南方那么多样，土地交易大多为一次性的卖断。在地权及其交易上，北方和南方存在着区域性的差异。但是，彭阳、土默特以及太行山区的清代土地契约则显示，整个中国的地权结构是基本一致的。北方也像南方一样，存在田面和田底的地权分化，存在“典”“押租”等多种土地交易方式，农户地权的丧失存在从“典”“找价”到最后“绝卖”的渐进过程，一次性绝卖并非北方土地交易的主流。

Abstract:: It is broadly accepted among Chinese academia, that in traditional era the structure of land ownership in north China was not as complicated as that in south, the transactions of land ownership were not as diverse as that in south, and most land transactions were one-time sell off. As for land ownership and its transaction, there’re regional differences between these two parts of China. But this paper takes Qing Dynasty land contracts in Pengyang, Tumd, and Taihang Mountain area as evidence to prove that the structure of land ownership in the whole China was identical. Just like the south, the north also had the division of land ownership between the surface and the bottom of the land. Also there’re various land transaction methods such as “dian”、“mortgage rent” and so on. The loss of a farmer’s land ownership usually was a gradual process from “dian”、“price seeking” to “final sale”. One-time sell off was not the main method of land transaction in north China.